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Paul Adolph Volcker Jr. (September 5, 1927 – December 8, 2019) was an American economist who served as the 12th chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1979 to 1987. During his tenure as chairman, Volcker was widely credited with having ended the high levels of inflation seen in the United States throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, with measures known as the Volcker shock. He previously served as the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 1975 to 1979.
President Jimmy Carter nominated him to succeed G. William Miller as Fed chairman and President Ronald Reagan renominated him once. Volcker did not seek a third term at the Fed and was succeeded by Alan Greenspan. After his retirement from the Board, he chaired the Economic Recovery Advisory Board under President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2011 during the subprime mortgage crisis.
Volcker attended Princeton University as an undergraduate student and graduated with highest honors from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs (now the Princeton School of Public and International Affairs) in 1949. In his senior thesis, titled "The Problems of Federal Reserve Policy since World War II", Volcker criticized the Federal Reserve's post-WWII policies for failing to curb inflationary pressures, writing, "a swollen money supply presented a grave inflationary threat to the economy. There was a need to bring this money supply under control if the disastrous effects of a sharp price rise were to be avoided." Following a summer as a research assistant at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, he moved to Harvard University to earn an M.A. in political economy from its Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and Graduate School of Public Administration. He worked a second summer as a New York Fed research assistant before graduating in 1951. After Harvard, Volcker attended the London School of Economics from 1951 to 1952 as a Rotary Foundation Ambassadorial Fellow under Rotary's Ambassadorial Scholarships program.
Appointed by the Nixon Administration, Volcker served under secretary of the Treasury for international monetary affairs from 1969 to 1974. He played an important role in President Richard Nixon's Nixon shock on August 15, 1971, which resulted in the collapse of the Bretton Woods system. Volcker considered the suspension of Convertibility "the single most important event of his career."Silber (2012) p. 2. Because of his position as under secretary, Volcker served as a board member for OPIC and Fannie Mae. Across the policies he worked on, he acted as a moderating influence on policy, advocating the pursuit of an international solution to monetary problems and acting as a negotiator with other nations' policymakers. After leaving the U.S. Treasury, he spent a year as a senior fellow at Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School (his alma mater). In 1975, he became President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and he retained that role until he became Federal Reserve Chairman in August 1979.
Inflation emerged as an economic and political challenge in the United States during the 1970s. The monetary policy of the Federal Reserve board, led by Volcker, were widely credited with curbing the rate of inflation and expectations that inflation would continue. US inflation, which peaked at 14.8 percent in March 1980, fell below 3 percent by 1983. The Federal Reserve board led by Volcker raised the federal funds rate, which had averaged 11.2% in 1979, to a peak of 20% in June 1981. The prime rate rose to 21.5% in 1981 as well, which helped lead to the 1980–1982 recession,NBER, US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions in which the national unemployment rate rose to over 10%. In addition to the rises in key interest rates, the so-called 'Volcker shock' included Monetarism, such as targeting the money supply. Despite the fact that monetarist economists did not recognize Volcker policies to be totally monetarist, some members of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) claimed to follow monetarist principles.Reichart Alexandre & Slifi Abdelkader 2016, ' The Influence of Monetarism on Federal Reserve policy during the 1980s', Papers in Political Economy/Cahiers d'Économie Politique, 70 (1), pp. 106-150
Volcker's Federal Reserve board elicited the strongest political attacks and most widespread protests in the history of the Federal Reserve (unlike any protests experienced since 1922), due to the effects of high interest rates on the construction, farming, and industrial sectors, culminating in indebted farmers driving their tractors onto C Street NW in Washington, D.C. and blockading the Eccles Building.Shull, Bernard. 2005. The Fourth Branch: The Federal Reserve's Unlikely Rise To Power And Influence. Praeger/Greenwood. . p. 142. Aggrieved mailed the Fed pieces of 2x4 lumber in protest. The 'Volcker shock' also entailed strong disturbances within the European Monetary System and has therefore been deeply criticized in Europe.Reichart Alexandre 2024, ' Managing Monetary Policy facing US External Constraint and Internal Macroeconomic Divergences: the Case of the Western European Central Banks in the 1980s', The Journal of European Economic History, 53(1), pp. 47-96. US monetary policy eased in 1982, helping lead to a resumption of economic growth.
In July 1984, Volcker was summoned to a meeting with Ronald Reagan and then White House Chief of Staff James Baker.
The US current account was in permanent deficit by the 1990s. Volcker himself tried to remedy the situation by the Plaza Accord in 1986, which called for Germany and Japan to revalue relative to the US dollar.Paul Volcker and Toyoo Gyohten (1992). Changing Fortunes.
The combination of the Fed's tight money policies and the expansive fiscal policy of the Reagan Administration (large tax cuts and a major increase in military spending) produced large federal budget deficits and significant macroeconomic imbalances in the U.S. economy. The combination of growing federal debt and high interest rates led to a substantial rise in federal net interest costs. The sharp rise of interest costs and large deficits led Congress to take some steps towards fiscal constraint."Volcker: The Triumph of Persistence (Bloomsbury Press; 2012) 454 pages, p. 8."
Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz said about him in an interview:
Congressman Ron Paul, well known as a harsh critic of the Federal Reserve, offered qualified praise of Volcker:
In 1983, Volcker received the U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.
In 1992, Volcker was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
In 1993 he chaired the Group of 30 Report on the Derivatives market entitled "Derivatives: Practices and Principles" with several appendices and a survey on how practices may have changed since the original 1993 report. The Group of 30 is a "consultative group on international economic and monetary affairs." Volcker was their Chairman emeritus.
In 1996, he took up the chair of the Independent Committee of Eminent Persons (Volcker Commission) to look into the dormant accounts of Jewish victims of the Holocaust lying in Swiss banks. This included a "massive accounting of Swiss bank records." In the midst of a contentious process (the committee was formed by three Jewish representatives and three representatives of Swiss banks), he was able to bring about an agreement among the parties for a settlement of $1.25 billion.Treaster (2004), p. x.
Volcker was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1992.
In 2000 he accepted the Chairmanship of the IFRS Trustees, the not-for-profit funding arm of the International Accounting Standards Board (later the IFRS Foundation). The IFRS Foundation is a private sector enterprise based in London which seeks to develop a single global accounting model, subject to adoption country by country under their rules of law.
In 2001 Paul Volcker joined The Conference Board, an economic and business think-tank based in NY, as a senior advisor supporting research on corporate governance, analysis of business cylcles and economic policy. His activities there primarily focused on guiding the research staff and engaging global business leaders to support The Conference Board's activities promoting free-markets, economic analysis and responsible corporate governance. Other Federal Reserve Chairs affiliated with The Conference Board include Alan Greenspan, who was a researcher there from 1948 to 1953, when it was known as the National Industrial Conference Board.
In April 2004, the United Nations assigned Volcker to research possible corruption in the Iraqi Oil for Food program. In the report summarizing its research, Volcker criticized Kojo Annan, son of then-UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, and the Swiss company Cotecna Inspection SA, Kojo's employer, for trying to conceal their relationship. He concluded in his March 2005, report that "there is no evidence that the selection of Cotecna, in 1998, was subject to improper influence of the Secretary General in the bidding or selection process."Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme – Second Interim Report (29 March 2005) p.77. While Volcker did not implicate the Secretary General in the selection process, however, he did cast serious doubt on Kofi Annan, whose "management performance ... fell short of the standards that the United Nations Organization should strive to maintain."Traub, James. 2006. The Best Intentions: Kofi Annan and the UN in the Era of American Power. New York: Picardor, n.d., p. 420. Volcker was a director of the United Nations Association of the United States of America between 2000 and 2004, prior to his being appointed to the Independent Inquiry by Kofi Annan.
As of October 2006, he was the chairman of the board of trustees of the influential Washington-based financial advisory body, the Group of Thirty, and a member of the Trilateral Commission. He had a long association with the Rockefeller family, not only with his positions at Chase Bank and the Trilateral Commission, but also through membership of the trust committee of Rockefeller Group, Inc., which he joined in 1987. That entity managed, at one time, the Rockefeller Center on behalf of the numerous members of the Rockefeller family. He was a chairman and an honorary trustee of International House, the cultural exchange residence and program center in New York City. He was a founding member of the Trilateral Commission and a long-time member of the Bilderberg Group.
In January 2008, he endorsed Democratic Party presidential candidate Barack Obama in the upcoming presidential election.
On April 8, 2008, he was the featured speaker at The Economic Club of New York. Volcker discussed "what appears to be in substance a direct transfer of mortgage and mortgage-backed securities of questionable pedigree from an investment bank to the Federal Reserve," and offered his detailed analysis and evaluation of interrelationships among the U.S. capital markets, Federal Reserve policies, and the economy as whole.The Economic Club of New York: April 8, 2008, Transcript 101st Year, 395th Meeting, (8 April 2008) p. 2, and pp. 5–8.
Paul Volcker appeared in the Charles Ferguson's movie Inside Job. He was interviewed about current Wall Street CEO pay, claiming it is "excessive." 101st Year, 395th Meeting, (8 April 2008) pp. 2, 5–8.
Volcker was an economic advisor to President Barack Obama, heading the President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board. Volcker had also been Obama's first pick as United States Secretary of the Treasury, but he was considered too old. During the financial crisis, Volcker was extremely critical of banks, saying that their response to the financial crisis was inadequate, and that more regulation of banks is called for. Specifically, Volcker called for a break-up of the nation's largest banks, prohibiting deposit-taking institutions from engaging in riskier activities such as proprietary trading, private equity, and hedge fund investments (see Volcker Rule). Volcker left the board when its charter expired on February 6, 2011, without being included in discussions on how the board would be reconstituted.
On January 21, 2010, President Barack Obama proposed bank regulations which he dubbed "The Volcker Rule," in reference to Volcker's aggressive pursuit of these regulations. Volcker appeared with the president at the announcement. The proposed rules would prevent commercial banks from owning and investing in hedge funds and private equity, and limit the trading they do for their own accounts. According to SEC Commissioner Luis A. Aguilar, "the success or failure of the Volcker Rule will depend on the manner in which banking entities comply with the letter and spirit of the rule, and on the willingness of regulators to enforce it."
Volcker was known to defy the stereotype of a Wall Street insider. A profile in The Week for February 5, 2010, stated that Volcker does not agree with the conventional wisdom that "financial innovation" is necessary for a healthy economy. In fact, he likes to say, "the only useful banking innovation was the invention of the ATM.""Spotlight" in The Week, 2010 February 5 (Volume 10 Issue 449), p. 38.
On April 6, 2010, at the New-York Historical Society's Global Economic Panel, Volcker commented that the United States should consider adding a national sales tax similar to the Value Added Tax (VAT) imposed in European countries, stating "If, at the end of the day, we need to raise taxes, we should raise taxes."
In 2011, Volcker and former Secretary of State George Shultz authored an article in The Wall Street Journal voicing their opinion that the War on Drugs had failed. They did not advocate for the legalization of drugs, but rather for a reexamination of the costs of drug prohibition in the United States.
In 2015, Volcker donated his public service papers to Princeton University's Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library.
Volcker was an avid Fly fishing, who recounted in 1987, "The greatest strategic error of my adult life was to take my wife to Maine on our honeymoon on a fly-fishing trip." Volcker was known as "Tall Paul" for his height of ,Freeland, Chrystia (April 11, 2008). Man in the News: Paul Volcker. Financial Times. Retrieved on November 27, 2008, from . standing exactly a foot (30 cm) taller than his first wife, Barbara, when they first met. She died on June 14, 1998, having suffered from lifelong diabetes, as well as rheumatoid arthritis. Over Thanksgiving, 2009, he became engaged to Anke Dening, a long-time assistant. They married in February 2010.Caren Bohan, Kristina Cooke:
Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University, where Volcker served on the advisory board from 2001 until his death, established the "Paul Volcker Chair" in Behavioral economics in 2011.
Chairman of the Federal Reserve
After G. William Miller's confirmation as Secretary of the Treasury, President Jimmy Carter's confirmation of Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve Frederick H. Schultz's role as Acting Chairman sent markets panicking. Carter resultingly sought a reassuring, qualified nominee who would confront inflation head-on, and nominated Paul Volcker to serve as chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System on July 25, 1979. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on August 2, 1979, and took office on August 6, 1979. President Ronald Reagan renominated Volcker to a second term in 1983.
(2025). 9781541788312, PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781541788312 In the meeting, Baker ordered him not to raise rates in the lead-up to the 1984 presidential election. Volcker wrote in his memoir that he was "stunned," but since he had not intended to raise rates and felt the White House wouldn't publicize it, he did not speak of the meeting to the press.
Paul Volcker, the previous Fed Chairman known for keeping inflation under control, was fired because the Reagan administration didn't believe he was an adequate Deregulation.Gardels, Nathan. Stiglitz: The Fall of Wall Street Is to Market Fundamentalism What the Fall of the Berlin Wall Was to..., HuffPost, September 16, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Being in Congress in the late 1970s and early 1980s and serving on the House Banking Committee, I met and got to question several Federal Reserve chairmen: Arthur Burns, G. William Miller, and Paul Volcker. Of the three, I had the most interaction with Volcker. He was more personable and smarter than the others, including the more recent board chairmen Alan Greenspan and Ben Bernanke.Chan, Sewell (December 11, 2010). "The Fed? Ron Paul's Not a Fan". The New York Times. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
Post–Federal Reserve
After leaving the Federal Reserve in 1987, he became chairman of the prominent New York investment banking firm, Wolfensohn & Co., a corporate advisory and investment firm run by James D. Wolfensohn (who later became President of the World Bank).
World Justice Project
Volcker served as an honorary co-chairman for the World Justice Project. The World Justice Project works to lead a global, multi-disciplinary effort to strengthen the rule of law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity.
Volcker Alliance
In 2013, Volcker founded the nonprofit organization the Volcker Alliance to address the challenge of effective execution of public policies and to rebuild public trust in government. The nonpartisan Alliance works toward that objective by partnering with other organizations—academic, business, governmental, and public interest—to strengthen professional education for public service, conduct needed research on government performance, and improve the efficiency and accountability of governmental organization at the federal, state, and local levels.
Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget
Volcker served on the board of directors of the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget. The nonpartisan organization is "committed to educating the public on issues with significant fiscal policy impact."
Personal life
Volcker married Barbara Bahnson, the daughter of a physician, on September 11, 1954. They had two children, Janice, a nurse and a Georgetown University graduate, and James, a research assistant and a New York University graduate who was born with cerebral palsy. They also had four grandchildren.Treaster (2004), pp. 83, 86, 110. His younger sister died young, and two of his three older sisters, Louise and Ruth, never married. His other older sister, Virginia, was married to and divorced from Harold Streitfeld; they have five children.
Death
Volcker died in New York City on December 8, 2019, at age 92. He had reportedly been treated for prostate cancer since being diagnosed the year prior.
Honorary degrees
Volcker received honorary degrees from several educational institutions, including: Baytown Christian Academy, Hamilton College (1980), University of Notre Dame, Princeton University, Dartmouth College, New York University, University of Delaware, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Bryant College, Adelphi University, Lamar University, Bates College (1989), Fairfield University (1994), York University (2001), Williams College (2003), Northwestern University (2004), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (2005), Brown University (2006), Georgetown University (2007), Syracuse University (2008), Syracuse University honorary degrees 2008 Queen's University (2009), Amherst College (2011), and at the University of Toronto (2015).
Works
Paul Volcker, at 91, Sees a Hell of a Mess in Every Direction
In popular culture
The political rock band Volcker from Portland, Oregon, formed in early 2015, was named after him. It released an eponymous album on January 27, 2016. The band was featured on BBC Radio 4's Economics with Subtitles on August 28, 2016.
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External links
Categories: 1927 Births, 2019 Deaths, 20th-century American Economists, Alumni Of The London School Of Economics, American Lutherans, American People Of German Descent, Carter Administration Personnel, Chairs Of The Federal Reserve, Economists From New Jersey, Economists From New York, Federal Reserve Bank Of New York Presidents, Federal Reserve Economists, Georgetown University Alumni, Group Of Thirty, Harvard Kennedy School Alumni, Honorary Fellows Of The London School Of Economics, Lamar University People, Members Of The American Philosophical Society, Nixon Administration Personnel, Obama Administration Personnel, People From Cape May, New Jersey, Princeton University Alumni, Reagan Administration Personnel, Teaneck High School Alumni, United Nations Oil-for-food Scandal
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